It Is The Belief Of Steve Gould That These Strange And Bizarre Animals

#3 It is the conviction of Steve Gould that these weird and peculiar creatures in the Burgess Shale could well subvert our traditional perspective on advancement. In any case, his first contention, that the hazardous fossils have such particular body designs that they should speak to terminated phyla is misdirecting. On the off chance that a fly and a mouse have body designs that are set somewhere near a similar essential directions, at that point it is maybe more outlandish that the undeniable contrasts in life systems originate from extremely extreme contrasts in hereditary engineering. The point I wish to pressure is that over and over we have proof of natural structure unearthing a similar answer for an issue. Consider creatures that swim in water...there are just a couple of essential techniques for impetus. It scarcely matters if scarabs, pelagic snails, squid, fish, newts, ichthyosaurs, snakes, reptiles, turtles, dugongs or whales, the style wherein the creature travels through the water will can be categorized as one of just a couple of fundamental classes. #4 Formation of the Burgess Shale The Burgess Shale was framed around 530 million years prior during the Cambrian time frame. The Burgess Shale protects the fossilized survives from a network of marine life forms that lived on mud banks developed against the outside of an algal reef. This algal reef had initially framed as vertical ledge that in the end arrived at several meters in tallness. Three developments contain Mount Field, where the Burgess Shale is found. These are the Cathedral, Stephen, and the Eldon developments. As represented on the outline to right the Burgess Shale is found inside the Stephen Formation. Assessment of the reef slope uncovers much about how the life forms possessing this zone turned out to be so all around Preserved. A considerable lot of the fossilized life forms were living near the reef and reef escarpement. The muds here were insecure and visit turbidity flows conveyed the residue downslope into more profound waters. A significant number of the related fauna were up to speed in these droops and were moved with the mud to become redeposited as evaluated units. Through geologic time, mountain building forms alongside disintegration have come about the shale that we see today in Yoho National Park. The Preservation of the Burgess Shale The excellent conservation of fossil material found inside the Burgess Shale is the most huge component of this store. Before talking about the procedures which brought about this one of a kind testimony, it is important to comprehend the idea of the earth where these life forms lived. The nearness of an algal reef demonstrates that profundities were generally shallow, all around oxygenated, and sufficiently bright. In such a domain, protection potential would regularly be not exactly great. The fauna in this condition would not exclusively be presented to rummaging by different living beings, however would likewise be powerless to fast rot. Be that as it may, where the fossil life forms found in the Burgess Shale lived was vastly different from where, following vehicle, protection happened. Following intermittent mud droops Burgess Shale living beings were shipped downslope and stored into anoxic waters. In this anoxic condition, the measure of rot was restricted and extremely moderate. Predator and forager harm was likewise not a factor here. Under these conditions related to the compaction of overlying mud, the delicate pieces of the life forms were protected as meager carbon films scattered with fine mud layers. The amazing conservation of these gentler tissues just as hard skeletal parts is the thing that makes the store so one of a kind. Blessed assurance from tectonism during the Mesozoic time has likewise impacted the safeguarding capability of the fossils. During this time, the Mount Wapta and Mount Field territory, alongside the Stephen Formation and the Burgess Shale, were moved along a push deficiency and brought to their current site. The fossils stayed shielded here from weights and warms of encompassing structural occasions. #2 The Amphioxus With around twenty-five species possessing shallow tropical and calm seas, the Cephalochordata are an exceptionally little part of the collective of animals. Referred to as lancelets or as amphioxus (from the Greek for the two closures pointed, regarding their shape), cephalochordates are little, eel-like, unprepossessing creatures that invest quite a bit of their energy covered in sand. Be that as it may, due to their exceptional morphology, they have demonstrated urgent in understanding the morphology and advancement of chordates as a rule ? counting vertebrates. Note that cephalochordates have all the run of the mill chrodate highlights. The

Leadership, Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Administration, Innovation and Change - Essay Example The paper tells that the jobs played by top pioneers are major in deciding the market position of a company’s item. Considering the way that top heads are engaged with the improvement of both corporate and business techniques, their capacity to impact advertise execution can't be disregarded. While there is proof that pioneers and their initiative style can affect the market execution of the organization, it isn't away from level of effect included. Specialists have tried to break down whether the impact of pioneers is an incredibly noteworthy commitment to the market execution of an organization or whether the basic significance of different variables overrides the job of pioneers. The top authority in any association enjoys dynamic arranging and advancement of the initiative procedure, corporate methodology, and the business technique. The advancement of these methodologies relies upon the pioneers comprehension of the expected qualities and the shortcomings of the organizat ion just as a basic examination of the potential dangers and openings. The job of key arranging is fundamentally to guarantee that an organization has set up activities that advance and use its qualities and openings while taking proportions of dealing with dangers and limiting the shortcomings. Such key arranging is outlandish if top pioneers don't comprehend both the inner and outside condition of the association. Pioneers face the impulse of guaranteeing that key arranging unites various offices in a fitting reaction to both outer and inward factors. Additionally, pioneers should be educated on various issues in regards to the business they work in. They have to comprehend the resulting patterns and have the option to foresee what's in store.

Professional Learning Communities What They Mean To Teachers Education Essay

Proficient Learning Communities What They Mean To Teachers Education Essay Proficient learning networks (PLCs) have been portrayed as structures inside which experts especially instructors can refine their abilities, recharge their spirits, and extend the extent of their insight (Fogarty Pete, 2006, p. 49). Despite the fact that the advantages are clear, there are various difficulties engaged with making and overseeing PLCs. Such difficulties have normally been separated into worries around: (1) discovering time and in any case conquering strategic difficulties to instructing; (2) structuring fitting training intercessions; and (3) augmenting training viability. This writing survey will address every one of these ideas by analyzing explicit research bearings taken by ebb and flow scholars in the field of expert turn of events, to delineate the range of action along which training can succeed or fall flat. In the wake of doing as such, the writing audit will likewise talk about more extensive hypothetical and methodological ways to deal with the investigatio n of instructing, including examinations of the jobs of: (1) race and other financial components; (2) hypotheses of inspiration and (3) speculations of authoritative turn of events. Characterizing and Contextualizing PLCs Thorough meanings of the PLC, and proof based rules for its working, started to show up in the late nineteenth century. In the U.S., the whole undertaking of instructor advancement stepped forward with the presence of various periodicals devoted to the subject, including The National Teacher, which appeared in 1870. All things considered, the professionalization of educating in the U.S. had a lot to do with the rise of a standard technique for instructor advancement, including the formation of formal PLCs. In the third volume of The National Teacher, distributed in 1873, the accompanying entry showed up: In the first place, at that point, the forthcoming educator ought to be prepared in the treatment of illustrative material, mechanical assembly, graphs, maps, outlines, objects, etc㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦.his practice in them ought to be, for example, will empower him to bring before the eye what can be incompletely routed to the ear. This ought to be done, in the principal occurrence, secretly, or within the sight of the individuals from a showing class, subject to their sort yet looking criticismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Mitchell, 1873, p. 367) This section is one of the main references, in any event in American sources, to the idea of an expert learning network. It merits arranging the rise of the PLC into the more extensive stream of professionalization and logical reordering of jobs in post-Civil War America. Ellis and Hartley (2004) contended that the Civil War, which had activated the countries assets in administration of complete fighting, had uncovered glaring shortcomings in the association and practice of numerous callings, beginning with the military and stretching out to nursing, instructing, and fabricating. As indicated by Ellis and Hartley, nursing was one of the main callings to be completely professionalized in the outcome of the Civil War, yet different callings before long followed (p. 133). It is normal to draw the feasible association between the professionalization of nursing and the professionalization of educating, the two of which were verifiably female practices that, in the wake of the Civil War, were re-lined up with male view of the logical technique and the professionalization of work. The rise of the learning network can positively be put into this setting of masculinization. Mitchell (1873) himself made a correlation between (generally female) instructing and (to a great extent male) medication, to the burden of educating (p. 362). In Mitchells sentiment, one of the factors that made medication more logical than instructing was the way that clinical specialists continually coached, scrutinized, helped, and in any case drew in with each other, while American educating had not profited by this sort of between professional trade. From the start, American academic scholars didn't recommend that a PLC should exist independently from an instructing school. Or maybe, these scholars thought of the expert learning network as a sort of epiphenomenon of the instructing school. For instance, an unknown author distinguished uniquely by a city of source (New Haven, CT) to the U.S. Agency of Education in 1885 had the accompanying to state about an expert learning network: A couple of focuses, upheld every week and maybe delineated with a class, will raise the encouraging forces of the individuals who have not had an expert preparing, and they won't be wearied out by attempting to apply a rough mass of theories.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The participation at such gatherings ought to be deliberate. There ought to be such a tone of intrigue and excitement in a network as will move educators with a legit and energetic want to know how to work㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦(p. 274) Now in American teaching method, guidance was as yet allotted by administrators (or educators) to instructors, yet there was an acknowledgment that the contribution of the companion network of educators was similarly as essential to educator improvement as any model of top-down guidance or professionalization. The PLC was now characterized not as a different arrangement of advancement exercises, yet as a sort of grassroots fellowship between instructors in formal improvement settings. Before long, be that as it may, the cutting edge meaning of the PLC would rise. It is difficult to state with conviction when the move from the early, intentional PLC drove by the director started to offer path to the more formal, school-oversaw PLC. Apparently the move occurred over the 1930s and started to solidify itself by the 1940s. Otto (1944) offered a clarification of the changing job of the head, and how it fit nearer, school-level administration of the PLC. As indicated by Otto (1944), American auxiliary schools kept on developing in size and unpredictability until the administrator was not, at this point ready to oversee or claim the entirety of the procedures for which the job had recently been dependable; accordingly, for instance, The developing requirement for more and better management of study hall guidance proposed the allure of arranging the managerial association so this need could be met (p. 197). There were two phases in the hand-off of PLCs from the administrator to principals; right off the bat, during the 1930s and mid 1940s, office staf f related with the director seem to have assumed control over obligation regarding all parts of professional educator improvement (Otto, 1944, p. 197); in any case, when Otto (1944) was composing, there was at that point another hand-off in progress from focal administrators to the head. After the Second World War, the chief developed as the figure generally answerable for characterizing, overseeing, and in any case supporting the expert learning network in American schools. Similarly as the Civil War had acquainted thoughts of mechanical association with different employments, the Second World War made labor and asset deficiencies that incited a quicker progress from brought together power over instructor improvement to a progressively collective, school-level administration of the procedure (Troyer, Allen, and Young, 1946, p. 241). These powers stay especially as a result today. Instructional Coaching and The Four Types of Coaching As indicated by Wilson and Gislason (2009), there are four kinds of training: inside instructing, peer training, director performed training, and outer instructing (p. 56). As their names recommend, peer instructing is tied in with training that is conveyed by partners to one another; director based training is conveyed by chiefs (or, in the instructive setting, principals, directors, as well as different heads) to instructors; outer training is normally performed by advisors; and inside training, on the other hand, incorporates all the sorts of instructing that are given in-house. Every one of the four sorts of training have been utilized in the instructional instructing setting. Knight (2005) reported a flood of recruiting of outside instructional mentors by U.S. state funded schools during the 1990s and first 50% of the 2005, driven by the criticalness of accomplishing essential perusing and science competency aptitudes attached to government subsidizing and the discernment that schools themselves didn't contain the best possible instructional assets to accomplish this undertaking. As indicated by Clarkson and Taylor (2005, p. 4), one of the issues made by the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) activity was a push to characterize instructional training as the repetition retention of gauges instead of a disguise of the academic standards expected to instruct up to those guidelines. Consequently, it very well may be contended that outer training turns out to be progressively famous in the midst of outside weight on educators to perform to a specific norm, though, in standard occasions, really academic (instead of instrumentalist) interior instructing is the more typical type of instructional instructing (Matsumara, Sartoris, Bickel, Garnier 2009). In present day hypothesis, peer instructing is applauded for its libertarian esteems, yet scholars are additionally worried that educators do not have the particular academic foundation and mastery to improve different instructors. For instance, Buly, Coskie, Robinson, and Egawa (2006) have contended that the outside mentor is centered around getting instructors to inquire as to why in an organized manner, though educators are themselves frequently worried about showing other useful and explicit methodologies. Obstructions in PLCs and Instructional Coaching: Logistics One of the significant difficulties in making instructing intercessions for PLCs is essentially finding the time and chance to unite occupied experts for committed learning and preparing. This test is an especially squeezing one in the current monetary condition, wherein such a large number of working experts are being called upon to do less with additional. In this way, as Fogarty and Pete (p. 49) brought up, a superb spot to start a conversation of expert learning networks is

Accounting For IWebGate Limited Business - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about theAccounting For IWebGate Limited Business Combination. Answer: All organizations in activity whether benefit making or not apparently exists inside layouts of the sole motivation behind tasks of that firm.Iwebgate Limited Company along with its portions working outside Sydney supposedly engages itself in arrange specialist co-ops just as the offer of extras. The difference in name from IWebGate to NetLinks is relied upon to help and extend the market since it interfaces locales to characterize gadgets through utilization of programming characterized zone organize plan Birt(2011.Pg 260). Iwebgate Limited can be decisively supposed to lead activity organize based tasks locally and universally with the point of producing income and satisfaction of consumer loyalty. This is seen more at the working segmental levels whereby the wellsprings of income per idea is uncovered with its underlying foundations made on the arrangement of system based administrations and offer of the system adornments Leung(2015.Pg 300. The fragments are seen grouped with the end goal of income age in this manner at the particular level they follow up for the benefit of the parent organization with the point consumer loyalty and development. Chiefs in their letter have sketched out targets and desire for the firm to be that of cost sparing and consumer loyalty per segmental idea and gathering. Pertinent data in regards to fragments being referred to have been unveiled according to AASB 8 and IFRS 8 as delineated in note 3 of the inner yearly report where we see the extension data of its pertinence from income age to costs being uncovered per idea Crawford(2012.Pg 30). Iwebgate Ltd from the vibe of things it has five working sections whose exchange has been plainly represented and uncovered in the 2016 June yearly report. This sections are unveiled to be operational and geologically in nature and ought to be uncovered and detailed independently. Consideration is in this way brought to working fragments to include the course of activities that are the business in nature and that which produces income and bring about costs inside a similar top of the business with instances of Iwebgate working sections working in Australia, USA, Europe, and Corporate. For bookkeeping purposes, the working sections should be unveiled whether in notes or attaches. On the other revealing portion s completely includes things that are under the coercion of distinguishing proof and quantifiability for motivations behind announcing i.e the presence of land non-current resource for detailing reason in the budget summaries. Each the fund thing uncovered under the subjective limit procedure is seen not to match or rhyme the combined figures of the Iwebgate Ltd organization because of the nearness of relevance of various bookkeeping strategies with the end goal that utilized in portions is not the same as the methodology in different territories Nobes(2008.Pg 24). Hence at the revealing time frame, there consistently exists the compromise part to rhyme sort the distinctions rose up out of the utilization of various bookkeeping approaches. References Birt, J. what's more, Shailer, G., 2011. Anticipating certainty under portion announcing. Bookkeeping Research Journal, 24(3), pp.245-267. Crawford, L., Crawford, L., Extance, H., Helliar, C. what's more, Power, D., 2012. Working sections: The helpfulness of IFRS 8. ICAS. Leung, E. what's more, Verriest, A., 2015. The effect of IFRS 8 on topographical portion data. Diary of Business Finance Accounting, 42(3-4), pp.273-309. Nobes, C. what's more, Parker, R.H., 2008. Similar global bookkeeping. Pearson Education.

David Humes Moral Skepticism †Philosophy Essay

David Humes Moral Skepticism †Philosophy Essay Free Online Research Papers David Hume’s Moral Skepticism Philosophy Essay David Hume’s moral suspicion inferred that an individual’s ethics are matters of their sentiments about the reality, came about because of ones own understanding. This was Hume’s empiricist strategy. Hume’s contention moved theory all in all from the standard to an extreme perspective. Hume accepted that the materials of reasoning, our discernments, are inferred either two classes our ideads and our impressions. In the wake of checking on Hume’s contention one can presume that realities have no effect on an individual’s activities and profound quality never comprises in any single obvious truth that could be seen by reason alone. Today shocking accomplishments in biomedical science and innovation have prompted a stunning capacity to collect undifferentiated cells. The discussion over this issue is that of premature birth. The resistance of undifferentiated cell explore contends that the undeveloped organism is being wrecked during this procedure. This issue is one of our society’s ethics. It is a promising region of research that can eventually prompt the fix of numerous infections. Be that as it may, for what reason is it indecent to investigate a procedure that can recuperate people experiencing such conditions as diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinsons. Hume had contended that an individual’s â€Å"sentiments and affections,† not reason, is the thing that drives us our activities. One can infer that this undeveloped cell look into is good a direct result of their emotions about the subject. Not how they â€Å"ought† to feel about it, however how they truly feel about it. The sentiments related with specific realities change from individual to individual. One may support this exploration since they have by and by been influenced by it. Society says how we should feel about something and it is subjects that experience this issue will reason it unethical in light of the fact that they have never had past involvement in it. So a person who supports undeveloped cell look into had considered it moral since his explanation offered route to his â€Å"sentiment and affections.† Hume makes a point in that an individual should feel a specific path about something yet they truly feel distinctive because of the effect of our sentiments. It is our preception of the subject that makes a division amoung our kin. I concur with Hume in that realities are nonpartisan in deciding an activity. Somone can know the real factors about this issue however until they experience it by and by they will keep on denouce undeveloped cell investigate as indecent. However, when they experience direct the results and advantages of it their sentiments will overwhelm their explanation. Rather than David Hume, Immanuel Kant’s reasoning of all out basic contended that the people can settle on choices free from ourside powers. We have a choice which acts under the laws of itself. As indicated by Kant, in every one of us there is a noumenal reality, and a phenomental reality. The noumenal the truth is that of which is unexplainable and obscure. It is everything the psyche can't clarify, similar to an individual figuring to what extent they will live. It is simply unrealistic, one can just The phenomental the truth is that wherein is known, or experienced. It is the regular world where we live in. For example, similar to how long are in seven days. The individual knows since they actually experience it week after week. Moral law of our own will implies that we can settle on choices without anyone else and openly. To be dependent upon moral law of our own will is to address yourself whether the topic is at last fortunate or unfortunate. It is a point where you conclude that something is awful and you won't condem it. For example, street rage brings about numerous people raising the center finger, however one might be exposed to their own ethical law and choose it imoral to lead such conduct. Moral law from an outer source is those laws wherein we are liable to by outside powers. It very well may be one’s society, religion, or family that pronouce what is good and bad. For instance, in the Jewish confidence, tattoos are grimaced apon. So in the event that the individual wishes to stay a decent jew, at that point they will condem tattoos. Kant underscored the manner by which the ethical life was fixated on the job. He accepted that obligations are made by rules or laws or something to that affect. For instance the laws of a club set down obligations for its officials or city and state laws set up the obligations of residents. So when the subjects of these officials accomplish something since it is a result of their obligation to do as such. The inspiration we have for these obligations originates from our own will to do as such, on the off chance that one wished not to comply with the laws, at that point one can pick not be a piece of that city, state, or association. Kant looks to the thought processes to check whether the rationale has genuine good worth or not. He doesn't decide the ethical worth on the results of an activity. As indicated by Kant, in the event that an individual is persuaded simply by the positive attitude, at that point does the intention have genuine good worth? In the event that the thought pro cess of doing tendencies, at that point the intention doesn't have genuine good worth, regardless of whether such a rationale achieves satisfaction for other people. Kant isnt worried about the outcomes of whether your activities bring bliss or not. The issue with thought processes is that they are continually evolving. They are never supreme or steady sentiments, feelings, or wants. The response to the inquiry on why there is so much savagery and loathe on the planet is on the grounds that people groups motivators or thought processes depend on wants and personal circumstance and NOT on the cooperative attitude. So consequently tendencies can't be depended on for settling on moral choices. Research Papers on David Hume’s Moral Skepticism - Philosophy EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoCapital PunishmentGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementAssess the significance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeResearch Process Part One

Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing

Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Addiction Drug Use Print Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on April 06, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 SATURN STILLS / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Guidelines for drug testing of federal employees were first published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 1988 and have been revised several times since in 1994, 1998, 2004 and 2010. The detailed, 51-page Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs is available online in PDF form. Developed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), the guidelines are aimed at standardizing drug testing policies and procedures for all federal employees in all federal agencies. Major Changes Proposed In 2004, SAMHSA proposed revisions to the guidelines. After public comment on the proposed changes, notice of the changes were published in December 2008 and went into effect in May 2010. Those proposals brought about several significant changes to the policy: The guidelines were expanded to include laboratory testing of hair, oral fluid, and sweat patch specimens in addition to urine specimens for the presence of marijuana, cocaine, phencyclidine, opiates (with focus on heroin), and amphetamines [including methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDEA), methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA).Allowed for the use of on-site, point-of-collection test (POCT) devices to test urine and oral fluid.Permitted the use of instrumented initial test facilities (IITF) to quickly identify negative specimens.Added training requirements for collectors, on-site testers, and medical review officers. Certification of Laboratories Also, the Mandatory Guidelines establish the scientific and technical guidelines for Federal workplace drug testing programs and establish standards for certification of laboratories engaged in drug testing for Federal agencies. The revisions to the Mandatory Guidelines address the collection and testing of urine specimens, the requirements for certification of Instrumented Initial Test Facilities (IITF), and the role of and standards for collectors and Medical Review Officers (MRO). Defining the Requirements for Testing Specifically, the new guidelines defined the requirements for: Specimen collection proceduresCustody and control procedures that ensure donor specimen identity and integrityTesting facilityInitial and confirmatory test cutoff concentrationsAnalytical testing methodsResult review and reportingEvaluation of alternative medical explanations for positive testsLaboratory certification issues Combating Drug-Test Tricks The use of additional specimen testing, other than urine, came after a pilot program started in April 2000 to prepare performance testing materials for specimens other than urine to evaluate the labs ability to achieve accuracy and precision. The addition of testing using hair, oral fluid, and sweat patch specimens to complement urine tests, were proposed to combat industries devoted to suborning drug testing through adulteration, substitution, and dilution, SAMSHA reported. The agency also reported that hair testing, which can detect drug use for up to 90 days, could be useful in pre-employment testing, oral fluid testing could detect drug use in post-accident situations, and sweat patch testing could be useful in connection with follow-up drug testing and treatment programs. Quick Results for Negative Tests The addition of the use of POCT devices and IITFs would give government agencies quick results in identifying negative specimens, while also indicating that the specimen is valid, SAMHSA noted. All federal agencies that conduct drug testing must follow the Mandatory Guidelines developed by SAMHSA, which includes having a medical review officer evaluate all test results and using a drug laboratory certified by SAMHSA. Private Employers Use Guidelines Too Private employers who conduct drug testing of their employees are not required to follow SAMHSAs guidelines, however adhering to the guidelines will help them stay on firm legal ground, by using the federal procedures and by testing only for those drugs mentioned in the guidelines. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, court decisions have supported following the guidelines, consequently, many employers choose to follow the federal guidelines in developing their own drug testing programs.

Poetics and the Great Greek Tragedy Oedipus Rex - Literature Essay Samples

The reader is told in Aristotles Poetics that tragedy arouses the emotions of pity and fear, wonder and awe (The Poetics 10). To Aristotle, the best type of tragedy involves reversal of a situation, recognition from a character, and suffering. The plot has to be complex, and a normal person should fall from prosperity to misfortune due to some type of mistake. Oedipus Rex, by Sophocles, is a great example of a Greek tragedy. Its main plot is Oedipus goal to find out his true identity, the result being his downfall by finding out he has married his own mother and killed his father. The three unities, noble character, and complex plot, are what make Oedipus Rex a good example of a tragedy in relation to Aristotles Poetics.As defined by Aristotle, the three unities are the time, place and action of the tragedy. Oedipus Rex fits the time duration that Aristotle says a good tragedy should have for tragedy is especially limited by one period of the sun, or admits but a small variation from this period (Poetics 10). The play takes place at one main site, the palace in Thebes, and has action that has no subplot. Throughout the play, Oedipus is trying to find out his true identity. Subsequently his search for a cure to end the plague that has struck the city is related to Oedipus goal. Aristotle mentions Oedipus Rex in his Poetics to demonstrate how recognition of a character is best with a reversal of a situation. The main character, Oedipus, learns that he has done the unthinkable by killing his father and marrying his mother. This reversal of a situation adds to an effect central to a tragedy, where one who was once superior is brought down to an inferior level. This action is ironic since it has been prophesied to Oedipus father, Laius, and to Oedipus himself years before, and each man had sought to undermine the prophecy. The Chorus asks if the gods could even exist if the forebearings of Oedipus life turn out to be false because, after all, the people have only kn own the gods through the prophets:Divine Zeus and Apollo holdPerfect intelligence alone of all tales ever told;-For wisdom changes hands among the wise.Shall I believe my great lord criminalAt a raging word that a blind old man let fall?-These evil words are lies. (Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense 1031)The use of recognition is clearly noted when a messenger comes to Oedipus to deliver the news of Polybus death. At first, this is depicted as good news because Polybus was thought to be Oedipus father. Oedipus knows that he did not kill Polybus, so he thinks the prediction of the oracle did not come true. Jokasta and Oedipus do not show remorse when first hearing the news; instead, they feel relief. Soon enough, they realize the appearance of the good news turns out to be dreadful. A sense of pathos adds to the sense of tragedy in the play. As the audience watches the play, they become mortified as the plot unfolds. There is fear and uncertainty in the beginning because of the plague. The breath of incense rises from the city/ With a sound of prayer and lamentation (Structure 1018). Later in the play, Jokasta and the audience realize with horror what has transpired. Just the thought of a son marrying his mother and murdering his father can make an audience shudder. Consequently, the audience feels much sympathy and sadness for Oedipus, the fallen king, once-savior of Thebes, and now a victim of circumstance. The point at which the messenger tells Oedipus what his true identity really is, is the time when the audience figures out what has happened and is overwrought for Oedipus and Jokasta.Another element contributing to the tragic effect is the use of hamartia, the error of judgement due to ignorance. When Oedipus finally understands what he has done, he is so disgusted with himself that the audience is afraid for him and what he may do. After seeing Jokastas dead body, he blinds himself, saying:No more, No more shall you look on the misery about me, The horrors of my own doing! Too long you have seen,Too long been blind to those for whom I was searching! From this hour, go in darkness! (Structure 1051)By this time, the fate of Oedipus and his lightless life has the audience pitying and pondering over Oedipus plight. The blindness of Oedipus, which had been prefigured by the blindness of Teiresias, ends the play. It also leads to the enlightenment of this tragedy through vision.Oedipus Rex could be the quintessence of tragedies causing grief for the characters as well as the audience. Aristotle says that the best plots are the ones with a complex plot which includes an undeserved change of fortune (Oedipus fortune), where the imitation of events evoke pity and fear, and there is a change of result of hamartia. The tragic hero is a man who fails to achieve happiness in such a way that it brings upon fear and pity in the highest degree. Through the three unities, the noble characters, and the plot, Oedipus Rex is blatantly an excelle nt tragedy, as confirmed by Aristotles Poetics.